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120 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc.
11.1.1 Introduction to ACLs
ACLs are lists of conditions that are applied to traffic that travels across a router interface.
These lists tell the router what types of packets to accept or deny. ACLs can be created for all
routed network protocols. ACLs filter network traffic and determine if routed packets are
forwarded or blocked at the router interfaces. The ACL parameters that can be defined include
source and destination addresses, protocols, and upper-layer port numbers. ACLs are created
on a per-protocol, per-direction, and per-port basis. ACLs control traffic in one direction on an
interface. Therefore, for every protocol, it is possible that two ACLs could be created, an
inbound and an outbound. The following are some of the primary reasons to create ACLs:
• Limit network traffic and increase network performance
• Provide traffic flow control
• Provide a basic level of security for network access
• Decide which types of traffic are forwarded or blocked at the router interfaces
• Allow an administrator to control what areas a client can access on a network
• Screen certain hosts to either allow or deny access to part of a network
• Grant or deny user permission to access only certain types of files such as FTP or
HTTP
The labs in CCNA 2 have allowed all traffic with no filtering. The students must understand the
path, or know the source and destination address of the packets to apply the concept of an
ACL. Review the OSI model and the protocols at each layer with the students. The reasons for
ACLs and the methods that ACLs use to accomplish these functions may not be apparent to
the students. ACLs may require some time to grasp. Do not rush through these sections. Give
the students enough time to absorb this information. Encourage the students to use the labs to
reinforce this knowledge. Encourage the students to experiment with various ACL scenarios.
11.1.2 How ACLs work
An ACL is a group of statements to permit or deny traffic on an inbound or outbound router
interface. The order in which ACL statements are placed is important. The Cisco OS software
tests the packet against each condition statement in order from the top of the list to the bottom.
When a match is found in the list, an accept or reject action is performed and no other ACL
statements are checked.
If additional condition statements are needed in an access list, the entire ACL must be deleted
and recreated with the new condition statements. To simplify the process of revising an ACL it
is a good idea to use a text editor such as Notepad and paste the ACL into the router
configuration.
As a frame enters an interface, the router checks to see if the Layer 2 address matches or if it
is a broadcast frame. If the frame address is accepted, the frame information is stripped off
and the router checks for an ACL on the inbound interface.
As a review, ACL statements operate in sequential, logical order. If a condition match is true,
the packet is permitted or denied and the rest of the ACL statements are not checked.
- I. Welcome 2
- II. Course Overview 5
- Lab Requirements 6
- Certification Alignment 6
- Course Overview 7
- Nomenclature 9
- Module 1: WANs and Routers 11
- 1.1 WANs 12
- 1.1.3 Router LANs and WANs 13
- 1.2 Routers 15
- Module 1 Summary 18
- 2.1.2 Router user interface 20
- 2.2 Starting a Router 22
- 2.2.5 Router login 23
- 2.2.8 Router command history 24
- Module 2 Summary 26
- • Configure host tables 28
- 3.1 Configure a Router 29
- 3.2.2 Interface descriptions 35
- 3.2.4 Login banners 36
- 3.2.6 Host name resolutions 36
- Module 3 Summary 39
- 4.1.1 Introduction to CDP 41
- 4.1.5 Disabling CDP 44
- 4.1.6 Troubleshooting CDP 44
- Command Purpose 45
- 4.2.1 Telnet 46
- Module 4 Summary 51
- Overview 52
- 5.1.3 and 5.1.5 53
- 5.1.4 Configuration register 54
- 5.2.2 IOS naming convention 56
- 5.2.7 Environment variables 60
- Module 5 Summary 62
- 6.1.2 Static route operation 64
- 6.2 Dynamic Routing Overview 70
- 6.3.1 Path determination 73
- 6.3.2 Routing configuration 73
- 6.3.3 Routing protocols 73
- 6.3.4 IGP versus EGP 74
- Module 6 Summary 75
- 7.1. Distance Vector Routing 77
- Figure [1]: Routing Update 80
- Figure [2]: Split Horizon 80
- 7.1.5 Route poisoning 81
- 7.2 RIP 82
- 7.2.1 RIP routing process 83
- 7.2.2 Configuring RIP 83
- 7.3 IGRP 87
- 7.3.1 IGRP features 88
- 7.3.2 IGRP metrics 88
- 7.3.3 IGRP routes 89
- 7.3.5 Configuring IGRP 90
- 7.3.8 Troubleshooting IGRP 91
- Module 7 Summary 92
- • How to troubleshoot IGRP 93
- 8.1.1 ICMP 95
- 8.1.3 ICMP message delivery 95
- 8.1.4 Unreachable networks 96
- 8.1.7 Echo messages 97
- 8.2.5 Address mask requests 99
- Module 8 Summary 101
- Overview 102
- 9.2 Network Testing 106
- 9.2.3 Testing by OSI layers 107
- 9.3.7 Introduction to debug 110
- Module 9 Summary 111
- 10.1 TCP Operation 113
- 10.1.7 UDP operation 115
- 10.1.5 Sequencing numbers 115
- 10.2.2 Ports for services 117
- 10.2.3 Ports for clients 117
- Module 10 Summary 119
- 11.1.1 Introduction to ACLs 121
- 11.1.2 How ACLs work 121
- 11.1.3 Creating ACLs 122
- 11.1.5 Verifying ACLs 124
- 11.2.1 Standard ACLs 125
- 11.2.2 Extended ACLs 126
- 11.2.3 Named ACLs 127
- 11.2.4 Placing ACLs 128
- 11.2.5 Firewalls 128
- Module 11 Summary 130
- IV. Case Study 131
- Phase 2: IP Addressing 133
- Case Study Deliverables 138
- • show ip interface 139
- • show version 139
- • show hosts 139
- • show startup-config 139
- • show ip access-list 139
- Phase 1: Project Description 140
- Optional 141
- V. Appendices: 157
- 1 Output Interpreter 159
- 2 Error Message Decoder 160
- 3 Software Bug Toolkit 161
- 4 IP Subnet Calculator 162
- 6 TAC Case Collection 164
- 7 Software Advisor 165
- 8 Feature Navigator II 166
- 9 TAC Advanced Search 167
- Figure 1: Best Practices 168
- Figure 1: NETS Standards 169
- B.1.4 TIMSS report 172
- B.1.6 Multiple intelligences 174
- Figure 1: Special Needs 177
- B.2 Lab-Centric Instruction 181
- B.2.2 CCNP labs 183
- B.2.3 NETLAB 185
- B.2.4 Simulations 187
- B.2.6 Emerging technologies 193
- Figure 3: Wireless LAN 194
- B.2.7 Troubleshooting 195
- B.3.2 Design activities 199
- B.3.3 Brainstorming 201
- B.3.4 Case studies 203
- B.3.5 Web research 205
- B.4 Instructional Strategies 206
- B.4.2 Self-paced instruction 208
- B.4.4 Jigsaws 212
- B.4.6 PMI 215
- B.4.7 Graphic organizers 216
- Figure 3: Flowchart 217
- Figure 4: Block Diagrams 217
- Figure 7: Digital Signal 219
- Figure 9: Data Encapsulation 220
- B.4.8 Setting goals 224
- B.5 Assessment Strategies 227
- Web Links 230
- B.5.3 Rubrics 231
- B.5.4 Portfolio 233
- B.5.5 Oral exams 234
- B.5.6 Lab exams 236
- B.5.7 Six lenses 238
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