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55 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc.
5.2.1 IOS file system overview
A router or switch requires software to operate. The following are two basic types of essential
software:
• The operating system
• The config file
The operating system that is used in almost all Cisco devices is the Cisco IOS. The IOS is the
software that allows the hardware to function as a router or a switch. The software a router or
switch uses is referred to as the configuration, or config file. The configuration file contains the
instructions that define how the device will route or switch.
The IOS is stored in Flash memory. The configuration file is stored in NVRAM. Discuss with
the students the differences between these types of memory and help the student understand
by opening a router and showing the inside of the router to the students. Discuss RAM, ROM,
flash, and NVRAM. Students must understand the differences between them. One difference
to discuss is that the IOS in flash or RAM is several megabytes and the configuration file in
NVRAM is up to a few kilobytes.
Version 12 and newer releases of the IOS provide a single interface to all file systems. This is
referred to as the Cisco IOS File System (IFS). The IFS can be used to perform all the file
system management for a router. Explain that the IFS is based on UNIX file systems.
5.2.2 IOS naming convention
Many different versions of the IOS are available. The IOS supports many different hardware
platforms and features. This is a continuous development process.
To identify the different versions, Cisco has a naming convention for the IOS files. The IOS
naming convention uses different fields in the name such as hardware platform identification,
feature set identification, and the numerical release.
The first part of the IOS filename identifies the hardware platform. The second part of the IOS
filename identifies the various features that the file contains. The third part of the filename
indicates the file format. It specifies if the IOS is stored in flash, if it is in compressed format,
and if it can be released. The fourth part of the filename identifies the IOS release.
This is an important concept for students to understand. They should be able to look at an IOS
filename and determine the hardware platform, features, file format, and the release. Students
should also understand that these naming conventions vary for different releases. This occurs
as the feature sets are rebundled and renamed.
Show students some of the tools for IOS planning that are available on the Cisco website.
Most of these are only available to users who have obtained user ids through SmartNet.
http://www.cisco.com/warp/customer/620/1.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/customer/products/sw/iosswrel/ios_abcs_ios_networking_the_ent
erprise0900aecd800a4e14.html
- I. Welcome 2
- II. Course Overview 5
- Lab Requirements 6
- Certification Alignment 6
- Course Overview 7
- Nomenclature 9
- Module 1: WANs and Routers 11
- 1.1 WANs 12
- 1.1.3 Router LANs and WANs 13
- 1.2 Routers 15
- Module 1 Summary 18
- 2.1.2 Router user interface 20
- 2.2 Starting a Router 22
- 2.2.5 Router login 23
- 2.2.8 Router command history 24
- Module 2 Summary 26
- • Configure host tables 28
- 3.1 Configure a Router 29
- 3.2.2 Interface descriptions 35
- 3.2.4 Login banners 36
- 3.2.6 Host name resolutions 36
- Module 3 Summary 39
- 4.1.1 Introduction to CDP 41
- 4.1.5 Disabling CDP 44
- 4.1.6 Troubleshooting CDP 44
- Command Purpose 45
- 4.2.1 Telnet 46
- Module 4 Summary 51
- Overview 52
- 5.1.3 and 5.1.5 53
- 5.1.4 Configuration register 54
- 5.2.2 IOS naming convention 56
- 5.2.7 Environment variables 60
- Module 5 Summary 62
- 6.1.2 Static route operation 64
- 6.2 Dynamic Routing Overview 70
- 6.3.1 Path determination 73
- 6.3.2 Routing configuration 73
- 6.3.3 Routing protocols 73
- 6.3.4 IGP versus EGP 74
- Module 6 Summary 75
- 7.1. Distance Vector Routing 77
- Figure [1]: Routing Update 80
- Figure [2]: Split Horizon 80
- 7.1.5 Route poisoning 81
- 7.2 RIP 82
- 7.2.1 RIP routing process 83
- 7.2.2 Configuring RIP 83
- 7.3 IGRP 87
- 7.3.1 IGRP features 88
- 7.3.2 IGRP metrics 88
- 7.3.3 IGRP routes 89
- 7.3.5 Configuring IGRP 90
- 7.3.8 Troubleshooting IGRP 91
- Module 7 Summary 92
- • How to troubleshoot IGRP 93
- 8.1.1 ICMP 95
- 8.1.3 ICMP message delivery 95
- 8.1.4 Unreachable networks 96
- 8.1.7 Echo messages 97
- 8.2.5 Address mask requests 99
- Module 8 Summary 101
- Overview 102
- 9.2 Network Testing 106
- 9.2.3 Testing by OSI layers 107
- 9.3.7 Introduction to debug 110
- Module 9 Summary 111
- 10.1 TCP Operation 113
- 10.1.7 UDP operation 115
- 10.1.5 Sequencing numbers 115
- 10.2.2 Ports for services 117
- 10.2.3 Ports for clients 117
- Module 10 Summary 119
- 11.1.1 Introduction to ACLs 121
- 11.1.2 How ACLs work 121
- 11.1.3 Creating ACLs 122
- 11.1.5 Verifying ACLs 124
- 11.2.1 Standard ACLs 125
- 11.2.2 Extended ACLs 126
- 11.2.3 Named ACLs 127
- 11.2.4 Placing ACLs 128
- 11.2.5 Firewalls 128
- Module 11 Summary 130
- IV. Case Study 131
- Phase 2: IP Addressing 133
- Case Study Deliverables 138
- • show ip interface 139
- • show version 139
- • show hosts 139
- • show startup-config 139
- • show ip access-list 139
- Phase 1: Project Description 140
- Optional 141
- V. Appendices: 157
- 1 Output Interpreter 159
- 2 Error Message Decoder 160
- 3 Software Bug Toolkit 161
- 4 IP Subnet Calculator 162
- 6 TAC Case Collection 164
- 7 Software Advisor 165
- 8 Feature Navigator II 166
- 9 TAC Advanced Search 167
- Figure 1: Best Practices 168
- Figure 1: NETS Standards 169
- B.1.4 TIMSS report 172
- B.1.6 Multiple intelligences 174
- Figure 1: Special Needs 177
- B.2 Lab-Centric Instruction 181
- B.2.2 CCNP labs 183
- B.2.3 NETLAB 185
- B.2.4 Simulations 187
- B.2.6 Emerging technologies 193
- Figure 3: Wireless LAN 194
- B.2.7 Troubleshooting 195
- B.3.2 Design activities 199
- B.3.3 Brainstorming 201
- B.3.4 Case studies 203
- B.3.5 Web research 205
- B.4 Instructional Strategies 206
- B.4.2 Self-paced instruction 208
- B.4.4 Jigsaws 212
- B.4.6 PMI 215
- B.4.7 Graphic organizers 216
- Figure 3: Flowchart 217
- Figure 4: Block Diagrams 217
- Figure 7: Digital Signal 219
- Figure 9: Data Encapsulation 220
- B.4.8 Setting goals 224
- B.5 Assessment Strategies 227
- Web Links 230
- B.5.3 Rubrics 231
- B.5.4 Portfolio 233
- B.5.5 Oral exams 234
- B.5.6 Lab exams 236
- B.5.7 Six lenses 238
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